Definition
Kwela is a music genre that originated in the townships and urban areas of South Africa in the early to mid-20th century. Characterized by its jazzy undertones and distinctive use of pennywhistles, Kwela is a lively and rhythmic genre that reflects the vibrant culture and spirit of its people. The name “Kwela” itself comes from the Zulu word meaning “get up” or “climb,” which is often interpreted as an invitation to dance or an expression of the lively energy of the music.
History
- The roots of Kwela music can be traced back to the 1940s and 1950s in South Africa. It evolved from Marabi, a style of music that emerged in the slums of Johannesburg, blending African rhythms with Western jazz and blues influences. Kwela took this fusion further by incorporating the pennywhistle, an affordable and accessible instrument that became the hallmark of the genre.
- Kwela gained popularity in the townships as a form of street music. Musicians would gather in urban areas to play their pennywhistles, often accompanied by guitars, double bass, and later, drums. Its catchy melodies and danceable rhythms quickly made it a favorite among the local population. In the 1950s, Kwela saw a surge in its commercial success, with artists like Spokes Mashiyane and Lemmy “Special” Mabaso becoming household names. These musicians were instrumental in bringing Kwela to a wider audience, both in South Africa and internationally.
- The rise of Kwela music was not just a cultural phenomenon; it also had political undertones. During the apartheid era in South Africa, Kwela served as a form of expression and resistance for the oppressed black communities. The music’s joyous and uplifting spirit was a counter-narrative to the harsh realities of daily life under apartheid. However, the South African government often viewed Kwela and its street performances with suspicion, leading to crackdowns and arrests, citing public disturbance.
Musical Characteristics
- Instruments: The pennywhistle is the most iconic instrument of Kwela music, known for its high-pitched, piercing sound. It was complemented by a rhythm section typically consisting of guitar, bass, and sometimes piano or drums. The ensemble created a rich, layered sound that was both complex and accessible.
- Rhythms and Melodies: Kwela is characterized by its syncopated rhythms and catchy melodies, often based on a two-chord structure. This simplicity made the music easily adaptable and allowed for improvisation, a key element of the genre. The melodies are typically upbeat and repetitive, creating an infectious groove that encourages dancing and participation.
Influence and Legacy
Kwela’s influence extends beyond its heyday in the 1950s. It played a significant role in the development of South African music, paving the way for later genres like Mbaqanga and Afro-jazz. Its legacy is also evident in the global appreciation of South African music, with contemporary artists and bands drawing inspiration from Kwela’s rhythms and melodies.
Kwela is more than just a music genre; it is a vibrant expression of South African culture and history. Its infectious rhythms, distinctive sound, and political significance make it a fascinating subject of study and an enduring legacy in the world of music. Despite the challenges faced by its practitioners during the apartheid era, Kwela remains a symbol of resilience and joy, continuing to inspire musicians and listeners around the world.